Optical fiber & its Applications 2019 | What is Optical Fiber ?

What is Optical fiber & its Applications ?

[TOTAL INTERNAL REFLECTION]

Before talking about optical fiber, we should understand a phenomenon Known as - TOTAL INTERNAL REFLECTION ( TIR ).
When a ray of light travels from a denser medium to a rarer medium then it bends away from the normal and vice-versa.

In the above diagram, a light ray travels from water to the air and makes an angle θ1 with the normal and emerge out of the water at an angle θ2. In this case θ2 is greater than θ1 because water is denser than air and that is why light bends away from the normal.
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At a particular incident  angle, light become parallel to the surface of water, this angle is known as critical angle. if we manage to incident a light ray at an angle greater than critical angle then light ray will be reflected back in the water. This phenomenon is known as TOTAL INTERNAL REFLECTION ( TIR ).

Critical angle : The angle of incidence beyond which rays of light passing through a denser medium to the surface of a less dense medium are no longer refracted but totally reflected.

This technology is used in optical fiber for data transmission using light pulse travelling in a long fiber at much faster speed, which is much better than an electrical wire.
Optical fiber is usually made of plastic or glass in which the inner layer ( core ) is denser and outer covering ( Cladding )  of the fiber is rarer. 

An optical fiber is a flexible, transparent fiber made by drawing glass (silica) or plastic to a diameter slightly thicker than that of a human hair. Optical fibers are used most often as a means to transmit light between the two ends of the fiber and find wide usage in fiber-optic communications, where they permit transmission over longer distances and at higher bandwidths (data rates) than electrical cables.

Uses of Optical Fiber

• Communication 
• Sensors 
• Power transmission
• Optical-fiber lamps are used for illumination in decorative applications.
• Optical fiber is also used in imaging optics.
• Optical fiber is also widely exploited as a nonlinear medium

Advantages of Optical Fibre Communication

• Economical and cost effective
• Thin and non-flammable
• Less power consumption
• Less signal degradation
• Flexible and lightweight

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Mars 2020 rover full details | Full details and features of the NASA's MARS 2020 ROVER

Full details and features of the NASA's MARS 2020 ROVER

The Mars 2020 rover is based on the Mars Science Laboratory's Curiosity rover configuration. It is car-sized, about 10 feet long (not including the arm), 9 feet wide, and 7 feet tall (about 3 meters long, 2.7 meters wide, and 2.2 meters tall). But at 2,314 pounds (1,050 kilograms), it weighs less than a compact car.

In some sense, the rover parts are similar to what any living creature would need to keep it "alive" and able to explore.

The Mars 2020 Rover Has The Following Parts:

• body: a structure that protects the rover's "vital organs"

• brains: computers to process information

• temperature controls: internal heaters, a layer of insulation, and more

• "neck and head": a mast for the cameras to give the rover a human-scale view

• eyes and ears : cameras and instruments that give the rover information about its environment

• arm and "hand": a way to extend its reach and collect rock samples for study

• wheels and legs: parts for mobility

• electrical power: batteries and power

• communications: antennas for "speaking" and "listening"

Some Facts About NASA's Mars 2020 Mission

Launch Window

July 17 - Aug. 5, 2020

Launch Location

Cape Canaveral Air Force Station, Florida

Landing

Feb. 18, 2021

Landing Site

Jezero Crater, Mars

Mission Duration

At least one Mars year (about 687 Earth days)